Revista Drepturile Omului

Nr.1 | 2019 | Vedeti revista aici



I. STUDII, CERCETARI, ARTICOLE

Adrian Bulgaru, Maria-Beatrice Berna

Implicații culturale şi normative asupra protecției juridice a drepturilor femeii în sistemul inter-american

This article focuses on demonstrating how the cultural norms applicable to women in the inter-American society can influence regulatory approaches concerning the protection of their rights. From a structural point of view, the research is comprised of two major orientations: the presentation of the concepts of inter-American culture through which are concretized the characteristics of the female gender, of the male gender and of the specifics of their inter-relation and the identification of formal regional initiatives aimed at both overcoming mentality patterns that maintain women’s inferiority in society – these being established by culture, and at achieving the effective protection of women’s rights. The main reason why we have written the above-mentioned research thesis is naturally understood: if the protection of women’s rights is a synthesis process, then, in  creating the relevant legislation to respond to gender issues, it is necessary to consider the cultural aspects – as the latter are the noble expression of the mind of a human community.

Keywords: marianismo, machismo, cultural factors, femicide, Belem Do Para Convention

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Anca Moț

Educație şi provocările globale. Rolul UNESCO în promovarea educației pentru cetățenie mondială

Education has an essential role to play in addressing the economic, social, political, ecological problems faced by today’s globalized world. It can contribute to the creation of peaceful, tolerant, inclusive and sustainable societies. In 2014, UNESCO recognized the Education Program for Global Citizenship as a central education objective under the slogan „Learning to Live together in Peace”. This Program, developed by UNESCO and other international institutions, aims at training young people to take an active role in addressing global challenges by promoting knowledge and social skills to foster peaceful coexistence, international cooperation, solidarity and respect for diversity. The Education for Global Citizenship Program is inspired from other approaches in the field, while also complementing them. These approaches are focused on the challenges of global education and citizenship (education for peace, human rights, citizenship, education for sustainable development).

Keywords: global citizenship, education for global citizenship, the role of UNESCO

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Anna Maria Neagoe

Dreptul la vot al persoanelor cu dizabilități

The right to vote is a fundamental right of every citizen. The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD), the legal instrument that applies human rights to disability, requires states to guarantee to the persons with disabilities the right to vote, stand for election and be elected, including the possibility of effectively and fully benefit from them, without discrimination and on an equal basis with others, directly or through freely chosen representatives. This means ensuring that voting procedures are adequate, accessible, easy to understand and use, protecting the rights of persons with disabilities to vote by secret vote, guaranteeing the free expression of the will of persons with disabilities as electors, in which case they should allow assistance in voting by a person chosen by them.

Keywords: right to vote, persons with disabilities, the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, accessibility

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Giovanni Baccani

Impact of the European Refugee Crisis on the protection of human rights of asylum-seekers and refugees in Europe

Scopul acestei lucrări este de a cerceta principalele caracteristici ale „crizei europene a migranților” care au condus la etichetarea drept un eveniment extraordinar în istoria modernă a Europei. În același timp, accentul este pus în mod special pe solicitanții de azil și refugiați și mai puțin pe întreaga categorie de „migranți”, deși țările europene au obligația de a proteja drepturile oricărei persoane din interiorul granițelor lor. Cu toate acestea, refugiații se bucură de un set mai larg de drepturi datorită imposibilității de a avea aceleași garanții în țara de origine. Ca atare, siguranța lor ar trebui să fie o preocupare majoră, protecția lor fiind prevăzută într-o serie de documente internaționale. Statele care au semnat aceste documente au obligația morală și mai ales legală de a proteja aceste persoane. Astfel, acest articol investighează dacă Europa și-a menținut pe deplin obligațiile față de solicitanții de azil și refugiați, chiar și într-o situație controversată ca cea a crizei. Lucrarea se concentrează pe sistemul de drepturi ale omului, vizând în special drepturile refugiaților și sistemul de protecție din Europa. Sunt analizate cifrele și evenimentele principale ale crizei, precum și reacția imediată a mass-mediei, opiniei publice și guvernelor europene. Scopul lucrării este de a oferi o cercetare academică cu accent pe identificarea variațiilor în protecția drepturilor noilor veniți din țările europene începând din 2015. Metodologia constă într-o evaluare critică a măsurilor controversate adoptate de Uniunea Europeană și guvernele naționale ca răspuns la presiunea crescândă a fluxurilor migratorii atât la granițele externe, cât și la cele interne. Cercetarea examinează, de asemenea, diferite încălcări ale drepturilor omului în statele membre ale UE. 

Keywords: Criza europeană a migranților, Convenția ONU din 1951 privind refugiații, solicitanți de azil, refugiați, protecție internațională, minori neînsoțiți

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Ioan Voicu, Florina Voicu

The right to education revisited

Articolul cuprinde în prima sa parte o prezentare analitică a conținutului manualului privind dreptul la educație, publicat de UNESCO în 2019. Un accent aparte este pus pe specificitatea juridică a acestui drept fundamental al omului, reflectat în numeroase instrumente juridice internaționale şi încorporat în mod adecvat în Agenda 2030 în care sunt sintetizate obiectivele dezvoltării durabile definite de ONU. Înfăptuirea dreptului la educație figurează la loc de frunte în acest document programatic, iar UNESCO îi revine un rol activ în transpunerea în viață a acestui drept. Cea de a doua parte a articolului oferă o evocare a inițiativei promovate de România la ONU în anii 1979-1981 prin introducerea în coautorat cu un mare număr de țări în curs de dezvoltare a unei cuprinzătoare rezoluții privind dreptul la educație, temă care a sensibilizat UNESCO, organizație chemată să prezinte la Națiunile Unite rapoarte de specialitate referitoare la implementarea acestui drept şi la căile de universalizare a acestuia în practica statelor membre.

Keywords: educație, drept, dezvoltare durabilă, UNESCO, ONU, Agenda 2030

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II. JURISPRUDENTA

Andreea Moroianu

Hotărârea Curţii Europene a Drepturilor Omului în cauza Deaconu împotriva României

The present case shows that all courts should bear in mind that nobody should be discriminated if they are in a similar situation, especially if there are no clear grounds for a different treatment. The applicants filed a complaint with the European Court for Human Rights referring to Article 14 of the European Convention on Human Rights and Article 1 of Protocol No. 1 to the Convention. The applicants were two Romanian brothers who had not been granted non-pecuniary damages after their sister died in an accident. At the time of the accident, the applicants were younger than 14. Two of her older brothers were granted nonpecuniary damages. However, a Romanian Court of appeal considered that the applicants were too young to be aware of the negative consequences of her death.  The European Court of Human Rights noted that the Court of Appeal based its ruling on the statement of a single witness. In addition, the European Court of Human Rights emphasised that there has been no reasonable justification for a different treatment, given that the Romanian Court of Appeal did not base its findings on expert reports or any psychological evaluations of the applicants. The European Court for Human Rights concluded that there has been a violation of Article 14 of the Convention taken in conjunction with Article 1 of Protocol No. 1. 

Keywords: age, age discrimination, difference of treatment

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Bianca Pătulea

Hotărârea Curţii Europene a Drepturilor Omului în cauza Flămînzeanu împotriva României

The right to education is not an absolute right, it can be limited by the states by adopting a national law having a legitimate aim, as long as the measures adopted respect the principle of proportionality, are predictable and do not affect the essence of the right to education. In this case, the European Court of Human Rights emphasized that although the right to education does not impose on the state the obligation to organize special education structures, the state has the obligation to ensure the access of all persons to the structures and institutions already existing in the national education system. In the case presented to the Court, the Romanian state did not take the necessary measures to ensure that the limitation of access to education has a legitimate objective and respects the principle of proportionality, being thus in violation of Article 2 of Protocol No. 1 to the Convention.

Keywords: right to education, principle of proportionality

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III. RECENZII

Felicia Maxim

Tratat de drept social internațional şi european (Nicolae Voiculescu, Maria-Beatrice Berna, Editura Universul Juridic, Bucureşti, 2019)

The Treatise on International and European Social Law reviewed hereunder is an absolute novelty on the national level, and it fills a 10-year analysis gap on the European level. Analysing the social field, the authors engage in an ambitious scientific demarche and a reflective perspective of the national social field, voicing both criticism and solutions. The complexity of the Treatise on international and European social law is confirmed from multiple perspectives: rigorous scientific information, presented in a quasi-exhaustive manner, the use of legislative and jurisprudence filters to comprehensively describe a particular issue, highlighting European and international social standards and comparing them to the national progress and failures.

Keywords: European and international social standards, legislation, case-law

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Daniela Albu

Raport UNCHR – Tendințe globale: strămutarea forțată în 2018 (UNCHR, Geneva, 2019)

The 2018 Global Trends Report of UNHCR on forced displacement shows that there is a rise in the number of refugees as a result of persecution, conflict, violence, or human rights violations. By the end of the year 70,8 million individuals were forcefully displaced worldwide. The figure includes refugees and other displaced people not covered by UNHCR’s mandate and excludes other categories such as returnees and non-displaced stateless people. Sixty-seven per cent of refugees come from only five countries: Syria (6.7 million), Afghanistan (2.7 million), South Sudan (2.3 million), Myanmar (1.1 million), and Somalia (0.9 million). The report also focuses on the dire situation in Venezuela, which forced more than 3 million people to flee their country during 2018 due to lack of food and medicine, violence and poverty. The report also tackles relocation and integration of refugees. In 2018, 92,400 refugees were relocated in 25 countries, especially Canada, USA, Australia, UK and France. With regards to integration, it is difficult to distinguish between naturalized refugees and people who are not refugees. 62,600 refugees were naturalized, which is 10,800 less than in the previous year.

Keywords: refugee, naturalization, relocation, integration

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